Narrative Report for Ojt free essay sample

Virtually, this is the best technological innovation in the fields of science and technology. CHAPTER 1 Introduction Historical Background Looking back to the history, the internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960’s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research development in scientific and military fields. J. C. R. Licklider of MIT first proposed a global network of computers in 1962, and moved over the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet connections. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also showed that the telephone line’s circuit switching was inadequate. Kleinrock’s packet switching theory was confirmed; Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Report for Ojt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The grand design for internet became possible in 1969, when researchers from the U. S. Department of Defense developed a computer network intended for top service in case of a nuclear attack. This network is composed of four independent computers that could operate even if one or more were blown up. This was called the ARPANET, named after its sponsor, the Pentagon’s Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). In the mid-80’s, the ARPANET lost its military significance because scientists used it mostly for non-military discussion. Taking advantage of it, American Universities started using the ARPANET as their countrywide network access. In 1987, ten thousand (10,000) computers were linked to the network. In 1990, the ARPANET, on the verge of disbanding, merged with a more scientific network NSFNET, named after National Science Foundation, hooking up with about 100,000 users. In 1992, the NSFNET which is now called by its nickname Internet had 720,000 â€Å"hosts†. The full scale use of the Net began in the 90’s when independent companies offered to hook up services to computer users. Ethernet, a protocol for many local networks, appeared in 1974, an outgrowth of Harvard student Bob Metcalfe’s dissertation on â€Å"Packet Networks†. The dissertation was initially rejected by the University for not being analytical enough. It later won acceptance when he added some more equations to it. Statement of the Problem This study deals with the internet as a Superhighway Information System†. More specifically, it tries to answer the following questions: 1. What is the principal function of internet in the world today? 2. How important is an internet to its users as well as in science and technology? 3. How does one operate an internet? 4. What are the different services that an internet offers? Objectives of the Problem This technical report is written with the following objectives: 1. To update people on the latest innovation in Information Technology 2. To put into practices the concepts and ideas learned about internet. 3. To internalize the procedures to be followed in operating an internet. 4. To know the different services that an internet offers. Importance of the Problem In both government and academic institutions, the internet as a research aid. Over the years, the usual practice of a researcher is to go to places or countries where he can extract information or gather materials for the development of research paper. The old practice has been superseded by the use of the internet. Through the internet one can surf data or exchange information with other users around the globe without having to travel or pay outrageous phone bills. Definition of Terms For better understanding, the following terms are defined operationally: ARPANET – this acronym stands for the â€Å"Advanced Research Project Agency†. This is the agency that sponsors the creation of the internet. BITNET – â€Å"Because It’s Time Network†. One who provided electronic mail services beginning 1981. DARPA – â€Å"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency†. One who helped to develop the internet. DSL – â€Å"Digital Subscriber Lines† Ethernet – A protocol for many local networks appeared in 1974. File Transfer Protocol – This allows the users to send or retrieve files to or from remote computers. HTML – HyperText Markup Language. It is the main markup language for displaying web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HyperText   is text displayed on a  computer  or other electronic device with references to other text that the reader can immediately access, usually by a mouse click, key press sequence or by touching the screen. Information Superhighway – This is the nickname given to the internet because it is where a mega-exchange of ideas takes place. Internet – It is the worldwide computer network that interconnects with other computer networks. Internet Protocols – This is the standard communication technique used to transmit data to packets. Network – This is the series of computer that is connected to each other. NCP – â€Å"Network Control Protocol† WAIS – â€Å"Wide Area Information System† Usenet – It is one of the services available in the internet and it is a way of exchanging news with other people around the world. CHAPTER 2 Internet Operation and Functions Importance of the Internet Technically, the â€Å"Internet† is all the computers in the world that are connected, including the technologies (routers/servers) as well as the wires and antennas that keep all the computers talking to each other. So internet is not just about your e-mail and social networking life; it is everything that goes over those wires/wireless access from one computer to another: the email itself, web sites, messengers, free computer-to-phone calls (and vice versa), checking of bank accounts, easy-way of researching and many more†¦ Universal Wireless Access Wireless has grown rapidly in the past few years, and the travelers search for the Wi-Fi â€Å"hot spots† where they can connect while they are away from their home or office. Many airports, coffee bars, hotels and motels and even buses now routinely provide these services, some for a fee and some for free. A next big growth area is the surge toward Universal Wireless Access, where almost everywhere is a â€Å"hot spot†. MunicipalWi-Fi or city-wideaccess, wiMAX offering broader ranges than Wi-Fi, EV-DO, 4G and other formats will joust for dominance in the USA in the years ahead. The battle is both economical and political. Another trend that is rapidly affecting web designers is the growth of smaller devices to connect to the internet. Small tablets, pocket PC’s, smart phones, e-books, game machines, and even GPS devicesare now capable of tapping into the web on the go, and many web pages are not designed to work on that scale. Making it possible to the User As of now, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the best Government agency to ask about the installation of primary or secondary nodes to the internet. Once a computer user has access to the internet, he can already avail of the different services of the internet. A computer user may want to share information to a person who is far away; with the internet he can send electronic mail at the push of a button. The Composition of the Internet The internet is a community of networks and individual users. Simply speaking, it is the mother of all computers networks. In internet, the data are transmitted in packets using standard communication techniques know as Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Through these, any two computers using these protocols can be connected together. As long as the packets are addressed correctly, they can be transmitted or transferred from any computer on the internet to any other computer on the internet by any route. If part of the network is down, data or information simply flows around the damage. While this way, the network is extremely robust, it is likewise the reason of the technical people’s belief that it is politicians have tried to insist upon. CHAPTER 3 Services Available in the Internet Electronic Mail (e-mail) Electronic mail was adapted for APARNET by Ray Tomlinson of BBN in 1972. He picked the â€Å"@† symbol from the available symbols on his teletype to link the username and address. The telnet protocol, enabling logging on to a remote computer was published as a Request for Comments (RFC) in 1972. RFC’s are a means of sharing developmental work throughout community. The FTP Protocol, enabling file transfers between Internet sites was published as an RFC in 1973, and from then on RFC’s were available electronically to anyone who had use of the FTP Protocol. Electronic mail or known as e-mail is one of the easiest ways of sending message all over the globe without waiting for weeks or month. It is very accessible because all you have to do is have your e-mail address and password through signing-up and also the person you want to send your message to. World Wide Web (www) World Wide Web or simply the â€Å"web† is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the internet, just as e-mail does. The history of the internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web. Information Browsing With the advent of remote access systems to information databases, the need for effective browsing techniques has received attention in several research projects. Notable among these is Paul Resnick’s PhD work at MIT. His thesis proposes a flexible model for quick and effective information browsing by modeling the information structure as a series of linked list. Structure-based browsing has been in vogue in the hypertext community for several years. Many results from this area are directly relevant to information browsing in audio. Notable among these is the work in defining Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a hypertext analogue to SGML. The World-Wide-Web (www), an HTML-based hypertext information retrieval system is widely used on the Internet. WWW browsers allow a user to quickly access a wide variety of information sources. The Web currently contains textual as well as audio and video resources. At present, only primitive browsing of audio/video data is possible, since there is very little structure available in digitized audio/video data. File Transfer Protocol File Transfer Protocol or FTP is built on client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that hides (encrypts) the username and password, and encrypts the content. The server responds over the control connection with â€Å"three-digit status codes† in ASCII with an optional text message. For instance; â€Å"200† (or â€Å"200 OK†) means that the last command was successful. The numbers represent the code for the response and the optional texts represent a human-readable explanation or request. An on-going transfer of file data over the data connection can be aborted using an interrupt message sent over the control connection. Social Networking Sites and Internet Relay Chat As the internet has become ubiquitous, faster and increasingly accessible to non-technical communities, social networking and collaborative services have grown rapidly, enabling people to communicate and share interests in many more ways. Sites like Skype, YahooMessenger, Oovoo, Facebook, Twitter, Linked-in, YouTube, Flickr, Second Life, delicious, blogs, wikis, and many more sites let people of all ages rapidly share their interests of the moment with others everywhere. Yahoo Messenger is the most popular application for chat for so long, and so we are being used of using it because of its user-friendly content. Until Skype came and offers a better quality of video chat and voice calls. But since we are in a generation of â€Å"Modern Technology†, still lots of programmers are trying to make a better one like Oovoo; though it isn’t that popular like YM orSkype, Oovoo offers a good quality of video/audio calls as well as the two most popular chat applications offer. Online Business/Sales This period of enormous growth, business entering the Internet arena scrambled to find economic models that work. Free services supported by advertising shifted some of the direct costs away from the consumer – temporarily. Services such as Delphi offered free web pages, chat rooms, and message boards for community building. Online sales have grown rapidly for such products as books and music CDs and computers, even clothing lines, shoes, fashionable stuff and many more products, but the profit margins are slim when price comparisons are so easy, and public trust in online security is still shaky. Business models that have worked well are portal sites that try to provide everything for everybody and live auctions. CHAPTER 4 Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion Based on the result of my investigation, here are the following conclusions: 1. The major function of an internet in the world today is both transmitter of information and provider of data. 2. The internet is very important not only to an individual user but also to a group of people who are in the fields of science and technology, the internet is a great help in exchanging information and retrieving them. . One must be computer literate before he can operate effectively the internet. 4. Electronic mail (e-mail), world widewed (www), transferring files, internet relay chat, social networking sites, information browsing, automated title research, knowledge networking are some of the services that one can avail from the internet. 5. A person must know the advantages and disadvantages in using the internet for them to Recommendations In the light of the conclusions mentioned, the following recommendations are offered: 1. One must be aware on the latest trends in Information Technology by reading technical articles, technical journals or magazines. 2. One must have taken computer-related subjects such as hands-on operation and data encoding. 3. One must have knowledge on both computer hardware and software. 4. One must practice from time to time his knowledge on data encoding in order to be effective. 5. One must be resourceful and skillful in operating such internet. 6. Though internet helps us all in some various problems, still we shouldn’t have been too much dependent on it.